Somalia

Somalia is a country located in Eastern Africa bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, east of Ethiopia, covering an area of approximately 637,657 square kilometers. As of 2025, Somalia has a population of about 20.32 million, with Somali and Arabic as official languages alongside Italian and English. The country is mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in the north, with a principally desert climate featuring moderate temperatures in the north during the northeast monsoon and torrid conditions in the north during the southwest monsoon. Mogadishu serves as the capital, and the government operates as a federal parliamentary republic.

Somalia has a low-income African Horn economy with a GDP of $12.11 billion and a GDP per capita of $1,400, with light industries including sugar refining, textiles, and wireless communication. Natural resources include uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, and likely oil reserves. The unemployment rate is 54.4% as of 2022, with a life expectancy of 59 years. Somalia has endured 30 years of war and instability that crippled its economic potential, and it relies heavily on remittances for basic survival, though it has cleared some unsustainable debt recently.