Russia

Russia is a country located in North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Eastern Europe to the North Pacific Ocean, covering an area of approximately 17.1 million square kilometers, making it the largest country in the world. As of 2025, Russia has a population of about 140.13 million, with Russian as the official language alongside Tatar, Chechen, and other languages. The country features a broad plain with low hills west of the Urals, vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia, and uplands and mountains along southern border regions, with a climate ranging from steppes in the south through humid continental in European Russia to subarctic and tundra in the north. Moscow serves as the capital, and the government operates as a semi-presidential federation.

Russia has a natural resource-rich economy with a GDP of $2.17 trillion and a GDP per capita of $41,700, driven by a complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals, as well as machine building, defense industries, shipbuilding, and transportation equipment. Key agricultural products include wheat, sugar beets, milk, barley, potatoes, sunflower seeds, maize, soybeans, chicken, and pork. The unemployment rate is 2.1% as of 2025, with a life expectancy of 73.4 years and a literacy rate of 99.9%. Russia is a leading energy exporter to Europe and Asia, though endemic corruption, the Ukrainian invasion, and lack of green infrastructure limit investment and have led to sanctions.