Pakistan

Pakistan is a country located in Southern Asia bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north, covering an area of approximately 796,095 square kilometers. As of 2025, Pakistan has a population of about 257 million, with Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Urdu, Balochi, Hindko, and Brahui as major languages. The country is divided into three major geographic areas including the northern highlands, the Indus River plain in the center and east, and the Balochistan Plateau in the south and west, with a mostly hot, dry desert climate that is temperate in the northwest and arctic in the north. Islamabad serves as the capital, and the government operates as a federal parliamentary republic.

Pakistan has a lower-middle-income economy with a GDP of $373.07 billion and a GDP per capita of $5,500, driven by textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, surgical instruments, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, and shrimp. Key agricultural products include sugarcane, bison milk, wheat, milk, rice, maize, potatoes, cotton, mangoes and guavas, and chicken, while natural resources include arable land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, and limestone. The unemployment rate is 5.4% as of 2025, with a life expectancy of 67.8 years and a literacy rate of 58.9%. Pakistan faces extremely high debt and endemic corruption, though falling inflation, IMF relief programs, and strong agricultural output are slowly contributing to economic recovery.