Estonia

Europe
Tallinn

Population

1.34M

Area

45,228 km²

GDP

$42.77B

GDP Per Capita

$41,500

Quick FAQs

Region

Europe

Capital

Tallinn

ISO 3166

ee

Government Type

parliamentary republic

Language

Estonian (official) 67.2%, Russian 28.5%, other Learn more

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About Estonia

Estonia is a country located in Northern Europe along the Baltic Sea, bordered by Russia and Latvia, covering an area of approximately 45,228 square kilometers. As of 2025, Estonia has a population of over 1.3 million, with Estonian as the official language. The country features mostly flat terrain with numerous lakes and extensive forest cover, experiencing a temperate seasonal climate with mild summers and cold winters. Tallinn serves as the capital.

Estonia is one of the most digitally advanced countries in the world, renowned for its e-government services, digital identity system, and thriving technology startup ecosystem. The economy is driven by technology, telecommunications, financial services, and manufacturing. Estonia was the first country to offer e-residency, enabling non-residents to access Estonian digital services. As a European Union and NATO member, Estonia has successfully transitioned from its post-Soviet past to a modern, high-income economy with excellent education and healthcare systems.

Geography & Environment

Geographic Location

Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia

Geographic Coordinate

59 00 N, 26 00 E

Geographic Area

45,228 km²

Climate

maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers

Terrain

marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south

Natural Hazards

N/A

Natural Resources

oil shale, peat, rare earth elements, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud

Geography Note

N/A

People & Society

Ave. Life Expentancy at Birth

79.3 years

Urbanization

69.80%

Population Growth Rate

-0.47% (2025 est.)

Literacy Rate

N/A

Health Expendeture

N/A

Education Expenditure

N/A

Languages

Estonian (official) 67.2%, Russian 28.5%, other 3.7%, unspecified 0.6% (2021est.)

Religions

Orthodox 16.5%, Protestant 9.2% (Lutheran 7.7%, other Protestant 1.5%), other 3% (includes Roman Catholic, Muslim, Jehovah's Witness, Pentecostal, Buddhist, and Taara Believer), none 58.4%, unspecified 12.9% (2021 est.)

Government

Country Name

conventional long form

Republic of Estonia

conventional short form

Estonia

local long form

Eesti Vabariik

local short form

Eesti

former

Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (while occupied by the USSR)

etymology

derives from the name of the people who lived along the eastern Baltic Sea in the first centuries A.D., which came from the Baltic word aueist, meaning "waterside dwellers"

Economy

Economic Overview

high-income, service-based EU and eurozone economy; rebound in exports playing a role in economic recovery; rising food prices contributing to inflation; decrease in labor force participation and rising unemployment rate; recovery depends on boosting private investment and productivity rates

GDP Per Capita

$41,500

Unemployment Rate

34.4% (2024 est.)

Population Below Poverty Line

22.5% (2022 est.)

Industries

food, engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications

Agricultural Products

milk, wheat, barley, rapeseed, peas, oats, potatoes, rye, pork, triticale (2023)

Location

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