Antarctica

Antarctica is the southernmost continent on Earth, covering approximately 14.2 million square kilometers, almost entirely covered by a thick continental ice sheet. It is the coldest, windiest, and driest continent, with severe low temperatures varying by latitude and elevation. The continent has no permanent inhabitants, but hosts scientific research stations operated by 30 countries, with populations varying from approximately 5,000 in summer to 1,100 in winter. The name Antarctica derives from Greek words meaning opposite to the Arctic.

Antarctica is governed by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty, signed by 56 countries, which designates the continent for peaceful scientific research and prohibits mineral exploitation except for scientific purposes. The continent contains valuable mineral resources including iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, and coal, though commercial extraction remains banned under the Environmental Protocol. Commercial fisheries target krill, icefish, toothfish, and crab under management by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. By 2025, Antarctica continues to play a critical role in climate research and global scientific collaboration.